Effect of Mg Addition (in Zinc Bath) on Galvanized Sheet Quality

Read article : Effect of Mg Addition (in Zinc Bath) on Galvanized Sheet Quality

S K Shukla¹, M. Deepa², Santosh Kumar¹

¹Steel Product Group, Research and Development Centre for Iron and Steel, Steel Authority of India Limited, Ranchi, 834002, India

²Physical Metallurgy Group, Research and Development Centre for Iron and Steel, Steel Authority of India Limited, Ranchi, 834002, India

Correspondence to: S K Shukla, Steel Product Group, Research and Development Centre for Iron and Steel, Steel Authority of India Limited, Ranchi, 834002, India.

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Copyright © 2012 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

In order to improve the corrosion resistance of the conventional hot dip galvanized sheets, a new type of Zn-Mg coating has been developed. Experiments were conducted in HDPS by varying zinc bath Mg level, bath temperature & dipping time. It has been found that steel sheet galvanized in zinc bath composition of 0.50%Mg, 0.25%Al, 0.08%Si & 0.08%Sb and processed at bath temperature of ~460^oC and dipping time : 2.0 sec. results in best combination of properties in terms of corrosion rate : 4.0 mpy (~1/3^rd w.r.t conventional GI sheets : ~12 mpy), formability of the composite (Ev : 10.4 mm for sheet thickness of 0.8 mm) at par with substrate material, coating adherence as per Lock Forming Quality (LFQ) standard and appearance bright and smooth. The improved corrosion resistance of newly developed coating is attributed to the presence of Mg-Zn intermetallic phases along the grain boundary inhibiting the cathodic reaction as well as formation of protective MgO & protective corrosion products of zinc. The presence of Sb in the galvanizing bath has also led to improved intergranular corrosion resistance. Superior formability, adherence and appearance of the coating is due to presence of adequate Al & Si level in the galvanizing bath, which led to suppression of brittle Fe-Zn phase formation at the coating-steel interface.

Keywords: Zn-Mg Coating, Corrosion Resistance, Formability, Coating Simulation

Cite this paper: S K Shukla, M. Deepa, Santosh Kumar, Effect of Mg Addition (in Zinc Bath) on Galvanized Sheet Quality, International Journal of Materials Engineering, Vol. 2 No. 6, 2012, pp. 105-111. doi: 10.5923/j.ijme.20120206.05.

1. Introduction

2. Experimental

3. Results & Discussion

3.1. Corrosion Resistance of Zn-Mg Coated Sheets

3.2. Formability property of Zn-Mg Coated Sheets

3.3. Assessment of Coating Adherence

4. Conclusions

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

References

[1]	J. Kawafuku, J. katosh, M. Toyama, H. Nishimoto, K. Ikeda and H. satoh, “Structure and corrosion resistance of Zinc alloy coated steel sheets obtained by continuous vapor deposition apparatus”, Tetsu-to-hagane, 77, 1991, 995-1002.
[2]	H. Shindo, K. Nishimura and K. Saito, “Anti-corrosion in atmospheric Exposure of Zn-Mg-Al Hot-dip Galvanized steel sheet”, Proc. Of 4th Int. Conf. on Zinc and Zinc alloy coated steel sheet, Galvatech’98, Tokyo, Japan, 1998, 433-436.
[3]	Takao Tsujimura, Atsushi Komatsu, Atsushi Andoh, “Influence of Mg content in coating layer and coating structure on corrosion resistance of Hot-dip Zn-Al-Mg Alloy Coated Sheet, 5th int. Conf. on Zinc and Zinc alloy coated steel sheet, Galvatech’01, Brussels, Belgium, 2001, 145-152.
[4]	S.J. Kim, Y. Mizutani, R. Ichino, M. Okido, “Surface morphology and electrochemical property of Mg-Al alloys anodized in alkaline solutions and sealed, 203rd meeting-Paris, France, April, 2003, 244.
[5]	Shiwei Li, Bo Gao, Ganfeng Tu Yi Hao, Liang Hu and Shaohua Yin,“Study on the corrosion Mechanism of Zn-5Al-0.5Mg-0.08Si Coating“, Journal of Metallurgy, Volume 2011, 2011, Article ID 917469, 5 pages
[6]	R. Hausbrand, M. Rohwerder, M. Stratmann, C. Schowerdt, B. Schumacher, G. Grundmeier, “Model study on the corrosion of Mg containing zinc coatings on the steel sheet”, 5th int. Conf. on Zinc and Zinc alloy coated steel sheet, Galvatech’01, Brussels, Belgium, 2001, 161-167.
[7]	T. Prosek, A. Nazarov, U. Bexell, D. Thierry, J. Serak, Corrosion properties of model Zinc-Magnesium alloys, 7th Int. Conf. Zinc and Zinc alloy coated steel sheet, Galvatech’07, Osaka, Japan, 2007, 592-597.
[8]	S. Tanaka, K. Hoda, A. Takahashi, Y. Morimoto, M. Kurosaki, H. Shindou, K. Nishimura, M. Suguyama, “The performance of Zn-Al-Mg-Si Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Sheet”, 5th int. Conf. on Zinc and Zinc alloy coated steel sheet, Galvatech’01, Brussels, Belgium, 2001, 153-160.
[9]	S. Schuerz, M. Fleischanderi, G.H. Luckeneder, K. Preis, T. Haunschmied, G. Mori, A.C. Kneissi,“Corrosion bevahior of Zn-Al-Mg Coated steel sheet in sodium chloride-containing environment“, Corrosion Science, Vol. 51, Issue 10, October 2009, 2355-2363.
[10]	Monojit Dutta, Arup Kumar Halder, Shiv Brat Singh,“Morphology and properties of hot dip Zn-Mg and Zn-Mg-Al alloy coatings on steel sheet“, Surface and coating Technology, Vol.205, Issue 7, December 2010, 2578-2584.

Preparing structural steel surfaces for painting, coating standards

Read article : Preparing structural steel surfaces for painting, coating standards

Mill scale, dirt, laser scale, rust, heat-treat scale, grease, and dust interfere with paint and coatings’ adhesion to structural steel and must be removed before steel members can be coated. What are structural steel fabricators doing about surface preparation, and what options are available? Surface preparation can run from simple chemical cleaning to abrasion methods such as grinding and abrasive blasting. Many fabricators’ projects come with surface specifications prescribed by The Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC) standardsMill scale. Dirt. Laser scale. Rust. Heat-treat scale. Grease. Dust. And did we mention heavy mill scale? When these come between your structural steel and your paint or coating, bad things happen. And when the steel you fabricate holds up bridges, overpasses, buildings, and stadiums, bad things are big bad things.So what are structural steel fabricators doing about surface preparation, and what options are available? Surface preparation can run from simple chemical cleaning to abrasion methods such as grinding and abrasive blasting. How to know which methods to use?Many fabricators’ projects come with surface specifications prescribed by The Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC) standards (see Figure 1). The methods used are specified in the contract or project documents, according to SSPC Certification Program Manager Joe Berish, PCS, MCI, who administers the program. The primary documents are the specification and product data sheets, he said. The data sheets provide the surface preparation that the coatings manufacturer used when it tested its materials and demonstrated the performance applicable to the intended use and service life, according to Berish. “The coating systems manufacturers test for adhesion and performance. When they do that, they do it with a specified profile range. For example, if you were using a certain brand’s product on a bridge, the data sheet might tell you that it was tested in a laboratory at a 2- to 4-ml profile, and this would mean you might need 3 to 5 ml of paint. It’s going to give you the profile range, the thickness of the coating that you can apply, how much thinner you can and cannot use … whether you can put it over a pickled surface or a chemical-treated surface or an abrasive-blasted surface. It’s going to tell you all of that information.“What that means is that the coating manufacturer, in the laboratory, has taken a piece of metal that met that description and they have actually tested it and here are the test results,” Berish continued. “And to get the paint manufacturer to provide a warrantee, it has to be known that it was applied under those same conditions.” The surface preparation’s standard name indicates the method used, and all surface preparation standards use the prefix SP, he said. “For example [SSPC] SP 5, SP 6, and SP 10 are all defined as abrasive blast cleaning standards. SSPC SP 8 is the standard for pickling as a means of surface preparation. The differences in all of these standards are the cleaning methods, cleanliness levels, and surface profile. Different methods may produce a similar level of cleanliness, but each will still result in differences such as surface profile or flash rusting.”Why would a customer choose abrasive or blast cleaning over pickling or solvent cleaning—or vice versa? “The contract or specification and coating product data sheet may require a surface profile which cannot be achieved by pickling, chemical stripping, or solvent cleaning,” Berish said. “Also, the coating being applied may not be compatible with all methods of surface preparation. In addition, some choices may be made dependent on the availability of equipment that the fabricator may have.”  Cost is also a consideration, which depends on the amount of surface area to be prepared, Berish continued. “For example, if it is just a few square feet and does not require a surface profile, chemical stripping may be cost-effective; conversely, if there are several thousand square feet of surface to be prepared, pickling or abrasive blasting would be more cost-effective.”Whether or not the waste produced would need to be disposed of as hazardous has an effect on the methods used as well.“The customer will give the fabricator a build sheet, if you will,” Berish said. “’We want it to be fabricated like this: the bolts located here, with this diameter.’ It’s the same with the surface condition. Just by the material they’re going to use, they’re going to go to that material data sheet that will tell what surface standard is compatible with that material—SP 1, SP 2 or 3, SP 6 or SP 10.” Figure 1
The SSPC’s surface preparation’s standard name indicates the method used, and all surface preparation standards use the prefix SP.SSPC-SP 1: Solvent CleaningThe first line of defense is simply cleaning the structural member with acetone, a thinner, or another type of solvent. “Cleaning with a solvent and a cloth is a precursor to every other surface preparation standard out there. It’s a given,” Berish said.Cortec® Technical Service Engineer John Wulterkens said that fabricators can remove mill scale, oxides, and corrosion from the metal surface using either VpCI®-422 or VpCI-426 water-based liquids (see Figure 2). “VpCI-422 is more ‘ecofriendly’ (biodegradable); VpCI-426 is stronger and works faster. Depending on the application, the gel versions of both products can be used on vertical or overhead surfaces, or on parts that cannot be treated in a dip bath.”After the scale is removed, cleaning and neutralization should be performed with a water-based alkaline cleaner, he added. “This will leave behind a cleaner surface for painting, coating, and welding. The cleaners (and rust/oxide/scale removers) contain flash corrosion inhibitors, so after the neutralization and cleaning stage, the surface will remain flash rust-free for up to a week, depending on conditions.”SSPC 2, SSPC 3: Hand Tool, Power Tool CleaningBass Mechanical, a structural steel fabricator in Elizabethtown, Pa., has 40- by 80-foot drive-through bays that handle both medium- and large-scale structural steel fabrication. The company fabricates and welds carbon steel, aluminum, stainless, and nickel aluminum into trusses, box girders, plate girders, beams, columns, mezzanines, stairways, and railings.Before sending its products out for coating, the company performs some minimal surface prep, according to Jerry Miller, chief operations officer. “We usually go to an SSPC-SP 2 or SP 3, which requires the steel to be free of grease, moisture, contaminants, heavy mill scale, and rust.” Miller said the company uses a thinner and a power tool to remove the contaminants. Then it uses high-pressure air to blow the dirt or dust and rust away,” Miller said. Standards SP 2 and SP 3 require the use of a hand or power tool to satisfy the requirement, Berish said. “By standard, SP 2 means that the surface is clean of all oils and loosely inherent material. So SP 2 is hand cleaning with the use of hand tools—a wire brush or a scraper. The use of a chemical treatment alone cannot make it an SP 2 because you cannot remove inherent materials with chemicals alone.” SP 3 is the standard for cleaning and removing loosely inherent material using a power tool, such as a grinder (see Figure 3).SSPC-SP 6, Blast CleaningTo achieve an SSPC-SP 6 grade surface cleanliness, fabricators use a shotblast cleaning machine (see Figure 4). An SSPC-SP 6 finish is the most common for structural steel, according to Alex Berghouse, product manager for blast equipment at Peddinghaus, Bradley, Ill. “That will get all the difficult residue off the steel—mill scale, rust, dirt, and so forth.”Berghouse explained how the blast machines work: The raw structural steel enters the shotblast machine, and as the material passes through the zero point, the operation is initiated. The turbines engage when the machine senses the material’s presence. The turbines throw the shot or abrasive onto the material to clean the steel. With an adjustable brush mechanism, the machine cleans off the excess abrasive and returns it to the hopper to be recycled and used again and again. The process continues until the full piece passes through the entire turbine orientation. “The speed can vary, but it is normally set about 3 to 5 feet per minute, depending on the structural profiles that are being processed. So the steel goes in laden with rust, dirt, and scale and comes out clean and ready for the next fabrication process,” Berghouse said. “The primary application for the blast determines the number of turbines you need to achieve the proper clean surface requirements,” Berghouse said.Figure 2
At left is a metal surface with corrosion removed using VpCI®-422; at right, a metal surface before the corrosion was removed. Photos courtesy of Cortec Corp., St. Paul, Minn.“There are all different types of classifications for blast cleaning, depending not only on the postprocess, such as painting or welding, but also on which application, such as for bridge construction or building construction,” he said.Before entering the blast machine, a structural steel member must be cleaned of oil and grease, Berghouse cautioned. “If a structural member goes into the blast system with any kind of excessive moisture, oil, or liquids, a filtering problem can arise. The filter cartridges will become gummed up with contaminants and won’t filter properly.”Peddinghaus designs its filtration system with inverted, conical-type filtering units intended to keep the particles loose and allow them to flow freely into the collection system. The blast system can be a stand-alone system or it can be an integrated part of the structural steel fabrication line. This includes material handling technology for moving profiles via roller conveyor and cross transfer systems, according to Peddinghaus Chief Sales Officer Lyle Menke. “Conveying systems bring the beams into the machines, which minimizes overhead crane handling.” The operator loads the structural member onto the cross transfer, which moves it to the infeed roller conveyor that delivers it to the blast machine, he continued. After it has been cleaned, the member is rolled to an outfeed transfer which can deliver into a band sawing machine; then to a structural drilling machine; and finally (if required) into a thermal cutting machine for cutting of copes, blocks, and similar design shapes. An arc writing machine uses plasma technology to write the layout, welding, and fitting information for each beam. “The welding personnel then can locate the marking and weld identification and weld each piece to finalize the structural section.”SSPC-SP 8, P&ODave Hansen, co-owner and production manager of Hansen Steel Services, Santa Fe Springs, Calif., said that the company mostly just grinds the scale to remove it from spot areas that call for only minimal joining, such as welding a base plate. Otherwise, many of the components they fabricate undergo pickling and oiling (P&O) to chemically (acid) remove the scale before fabrication and then apply an oily rust inhibitor afterward while it’s being stored before downstream processes. “One of the concerns facing beam fabricators is that base plates must have drilled holes. When a hole is drilled, it requires cooling oil for the cut. All of that oil that has now stained the base plate needs to be cleaned free of residue before a paint primer can be applied. So not only is sanding and grinding needed for prep, but the removal of all oil.  It’s not just ‘blow and go,’ unfortunately,” Hansen said. SSPC-SP 10, Near-whiteSP 10 is an abrasive blast cleaning standard. “We call that near-white metal,” SSPC’s Berish said. “By the nature of the definition of the standard, it’s gone through abrasive blasting, would completely remove all old paint, mill scale, and rust, leaving no more than 5 percent of staining—discoloration with no volume.”The surface profile that results depends on the type of abrasive used. “Abrasives can leave anywhere from a 0.5 profile to a 5- or 6-mm profile,” Berish said. “You’ll have the best paint adhesion with that finish, because it’s run at a slower speed through the machine,” Berghouse said.“SP 10 is the standard for bridge builders, because bridges are exposed to the elements and support transportation,” Menke added. “For bridge components, special types of paint are applied in addition to the primers to avoid rust and so that when the original coat starts to peel, paint can be reapplied in the field years afterward.” How to Know If Achieved?How do fabricators know and verify that they have achieved the desired surface condition? A trained and certified inspector evaluates the surface to the standards in the contract. Visual guides and written industry standards provide the evaluation criteria, Berish said. “Without proper training, they would not be qualified to provide the evaluation with a clear understanding of the standards.”Figure 3
SSPC-SP 3 is the standard for cleaning and removing loosely inherent material using a power tool, such as a grinder. Photo courtesy of Bass Mechanical, Elizabethtown, Pa.The SSPC is an ANSI-accredited organization, and the consensus standards have been developed through an ANSI process. Bass Mechanical, 717-367-0890, www.bassmechanical.comCortec® Corp., 651-429-1100, www.cortecvci.comHansen Steel Services,  562-692-6900, www.hansensteel.comPeddinghaus Corp., 815-937-3800, ext. 1145, www.peddinghaus.comThe Society for Protective Coatings, 412-281-2331, ext. 2235, berish@sspc.org, www.sspc.orgFigure 4
To achieve an SSPC-SP 6 grade surface cleanliness, fabricators use a shotblast cleaning machine. Photo courtesy of Peddinghaus, Bradley, Il

Sony Xperia Z at CES 2013: The phone you can use in the bath and drop down the toilet

Read article : Sony Xperia Z at CES 2013: The phone you can use in the bath and drop down the toilet

• Xperia Z handset is electronic giant's new flagship it hopes will compete with the iPhone and Samsung Galaxy
• Runs Google's Android software, and set to go on sale in March
• Has waterproof coating
  

By Mark Prigg

Published: 10:15 BST, 8 January 2013 | Updated: 13:05 BST, 8 January 2013

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It is the mobile phone you can use in the bath or shower without fear - and can even survive being dropped down the toilet.

Sony has unveiled its latest mobile phone - and hopes the waterproof design will help it take on the iPhone.

The Xperia Z was unveiled at the Consumer Electronic Show in Las Vegas.

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Sony's Xperia Z handset can be dropped in water thanks to a special coating

XPERIA Z SPECS

• 5” Full HD 1080p Reality Display
• Snapdragon™ S4 Pro quad-core processor
• 13 megapixel fast-capture camera
  
• 4G LTE
• Android operating system
• NFC chip
  

Sony says the handset, which has a 5in (12.7cm) screen, is capable of being submerged in water of up to one metre (3.3 ft) in depth for 30 minutes.

The firm says it can survive being dropped in a toilet, and if it gets dirty, can simply be washed under a tap.

Sony claims that about one in 10 people had dropped their phone down a toilet at some point, something this would protect against.

The trade-off is that handset's various ports, including the one for its headphones, all feature protective plastic covers that must be unclipped before they can be accessed.

The handset also has an NFC chip allowing owners to play back video on their TV simply by tapping the phone against it.

This chip could also be used as a credit card in the future, it is believed.

THE WATERPROOF PHONE - MAILONLINE'S VERDICT

MailOnline tried the new waterproof handset

The Sony Xperia Z, out in the next few weeks, is a mobile phone with a 5in screen.

Apart from the Samsung Galaxy Note devices which are part-phone, part tablet, this is the biggest-screen phone yet.

Even so, because it’s slim and has the narrowest of bezels round the display, it didn’t feel big. Though it sure didn’t feel small.

The phone’s display has the highest resolution yet seen on a mobile – knocking the iPhone’s Retina display for six.

The 5in screen had as many pixels as a 55in Full HD flatscreen TV, and it showed.

The display was eye-poppingly sharp, with rich colours.

Since the phone has a quad-core processor, it’s fast and responsive with no lags or stutters.

This looks like it could be a real challenger to the current market leaders, the Samsung Galaxy S III and the Apple iPhone 5.

It felt great, thanks to a shatterproof glass back and exceptional build quality.

Other features included a high-resolution 13-megapixel camera and – handy if you tend to drop your phone in the bath – water resistance. It can be immersed in two feet of water for 30 minutes without harm.

Stuart Miles, Editor-in-chief of tech website Pocket-lint.com told MailOnline: 'The Sony Xperia Z has so many features and so much going for it, it really could be the phone to restore Sony Mobile’s fortunes.

'It’s probably the company’s best phone yet.'

'With Xperia Z, we are bringing over half a century of innovation in TV, imaging, music, film and gaming to create a superphone experience that truly stands out,' said Kuni Suzuki, President and CEO, at Sony Mobile Communications.

'With great specifications, Sony’s media applications, One-touch functions and outstanding battery life, Xperia Z is well positioned for leadership in the smartphone market.

'By putting smartphones at the heart of our strategy, Sony is enabling people to create, enjoy and share content and experiences like never before.

However, analysts has the firm has a tough battle, with both Apple and Samsung set to reveal new handset in the coming months.

'In isolation this looks like a very strong product and it's the most attractive Xperia phone that I have seen for a very long time," said Ben Wood of CCS Insights.

'But we don't know what this device is going to be competing with this year.'

Consumer Electronics Show" class="blkBorder" />

Sony's new Xperia Z smartphone is displayed in water at the Sony booth at the Consumer Electronics Show

The handset can be used in the shower, and even dropped into the toilet without damaging it

COO Phil Molyneux holds up a Sony Xperia Z smart phone at CES" class="blkBorder" />

Sony Electronics President and COO Phil Molyneux holds up a Sony Xperia Z smart phone at CES

And the Xperia wasn’t the only waterproof gadget on show.

Sony announced a pair of waterproof headphones with built-in MP3 player.

The Walkman W273 is a light, flexible pair of wraparound earphones which are designed to work while you’re swimming.

And it’ll work flawlessly with everything from Handel’s Water Music to songs by Wet Wet Wet.
The Walkman W273 goes on sale on 1 February for £60.

Sony's waterproof headphones, which cost £60 and go on sale next month

Sony's waterproof headphones come in a range of colours

 VIDEO   Promo film for Sony's Xperia™ Z full HD smartphone 

Clearance Arcade Royal Freestanding Over Bath Shower Temple

Read article : Clearance Arcade Royal Freestanding Over Bath Shower Temple

Clearance - Arcade Royal Freestanding Over Bath Shower Temple - RH OptionFront of bath slighty scuffed (see additional image)   From Arcade, this Royal Freestanding Over Bath Shower Temple is an eye catching masterpiece. Crafted and hand finished with exceptional care using the finest materials and manufacturing process. This timeless design will fit into any traditional bathroom that will certainly add a classic and luxurious look and feel. This package includes a 1690mm Lucite acrylic bath with traditional legs, an Avon exposed thermostatic shower valve with riser which features a fixed shower head, handset, bath spout and soap basket, a complete fire hydrant invisible overflow and waste and a temple enclosure which features 8mm safety glass with Easy Clean coating. All metal components are finished in a special PVD nickel coating which gives a superior finish and guarantees durability. Arcade products carry a 10 year guarantee.

Product details

• Finishes: Nickel plated / White
• Product Type: Traditional
• Material: Lucite Acrylic / Aluminium / Brass / Glass
• Glass thickness 8mm
• Safety glass with Easy Clean Coating
• Air boosted rain shower rose
•  Bath volume 250 litres
•  Suitable for use with all water systems up to a maximum operating pressure of 5.0 bar

Compliance/ApprovalsBS EN 1111:1999
Sanitary tapware. Thermostatic mixing valves (PN 10). General technical specification
BS EN 1287:1999
Sanitary tapware. Low pressure thermostatic mixing valves. General technical specifications
BS EN14428:2004
Shower enclosures. Functional requirements and test methods
BS EN14516:2006
Baths for domestic purposes
Safety Glass : BS EN 12150-1:2000
Glass in building. Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass. Definition and description

10 Year GuaranteePackage Contents
ARC26 Royal single ended bath with upstand
ARCE11-NKL Tradtional Leg set - nickel
ARCV25-NKL Arcade Avon exposed thermostatic shower valve with two outlets including valve handle and ceramic lever - nickel
ARC33R  Royal freestanding over bath shower temple right hand (including the riser, handset, hose, and shower head) - nickel
ARC44 Royal freestanding shower bath kits (including cradle, soap basket, diverter, spout and exposed water pipes) - nickel
ARC40 Complete Fire Hydrant (including outlet extension, waste extension and cover plates for overflow hole) - nickel

Life is en suite as avocado grows ripe for return to UK's bathrooms | Money

Read article : Life is en suite as avocado grows ripe for return to UK's bathrooms | Money

Everything has its day - and just when you think it's had its day, it has its day again. So it is with bathrooms. Just when we've all succumbed to ubiquitous white porcelain, the coloured bathroom suite makes a comeback. And about time. Soon we will rue the day we consigned the avocado sink, bath and toilet to the skip.

Lefroy Brooks, purveyors of 'glamorous' period-style sanitaryware and fittings, is launching the fabulous Bel Air range in January. Its American retro-style curvy suites are complemented by rocket-shaped taps redolent of 1950s sci-fi comics.

'We've all had enough of so-called property experts telling us we have to keep our homes bland and uninspiring on the premise that plain will resell,' says designer Christo Lefroy Brooks.

Here at last is the pink bathroom suite I've been dreaming of for years. Bel Air chinaware also comes in cream, green or blue. It will cost £450 for a sink (£630 with a chrome stand) and £360 for the taps. I'd better start saving.

Our new taste for excess would appear to extend to the number of bathrooms we have, as increasing numbers of people carve up their homes to create en-suite bathrooms. But, however many we have, our reluctance to espouse the bidet means we are still considered filthy barbarians by our continental friends.

Susan Murphy lives in a rented two-bedroom flat in Maidstone, with an en-suite as well as a main bathroom. 'I hate it,' she says. 'It's such a waste of space. We're looking to buy a flat, but all the new-builds we've looked at have two bathrooms. Why would a couple need two bathrooms?'

But estate agent Christine Penny of Hamptons in Bath says: 'Providing you have enough space, an en-suite dedicated to the main bedroom will make your home more saleable. A two-bedroom flat without an en-suite is really a one-bedroom flat.'

That's certainly what the developers seem to think. Maybe they are catering more for divorced dads or buy-to-let investors than for young couples.

Although extra bathrooms could add to the value of your home, it may not work if this gives you tiny bedrooms. Rather than dividing up a large airy bedroom and ruining the lovely cornices, you could put a bathtub in the corner.

If you are really rebellious (and have a fat wallet) you could escape from ceramics altogether. Boldly shaped bathtubs and basins from Finnish company Durat are made of partly recycled polyester and come in a choice of 60 colours. A bath will set you back £2,200 to£3,740.

Bathing innovation will soon bring us a shower cubicle you can put in your bedroom without ending up with puddles on the floor. Graham Thomson is patenting a design for a shower cubicle based on the principals of powder-coating - the method used for spray-painting cars. On entering the Recharge Shower, you step on a mat that gives you an electrical charge. A mist-like spray of water is then attracted to your body. No mess, no wastage of water.

But for those sick of having their pampering toiletries filched, and determined to create their own little walled-off retreat, the new trend is for space-saving wall-hung chinaware. The sophisticated concealed plumbing required may be worth it for the space freed up below to house shelves, racks or cabinets.

Laufen does a good range of wall-hung asymmetrical and corner washbasins, including a countertop model that can be cut to fit awkward corners. But they do not come cheap. A Loft washbasin including a 'base station' (cabinet with drawer) will cost you £1,300. Laufen also produces Il bagno Alessi bathroom porcelain in innovative bulbous shapes with Wondergliss coating to prevent limescale (washbasin from £530). Unfortunately, it only comes in traditional white.

Ventilation is a key consideration when creating a new bathroom, especially if there is no window. To prevent mould and other damp-related problems, it is vital to install sufficiently powerful extractor fans.

Vent-Axia has a good technical advice line. Its top-of-the-range ventilation device is the ingenious Air Minder heat recovery system (from about £1,000), which extracts old air and pumps in fresh. The ducts cross so that heat being sucked out is blown back in again, thus saving on heating bills.

DOC M SHOWER PACK ANTI LI

Read article : DOC M SHOWER PACK ANTI LI

DOC M SHOWER PACK ANTI

DOC M SHOWER PACK ANTI LIGATURE Doc M packs are available both right and left hand corner arrangement. Available in: Polished Stainless Steel Materials: Mixed Code WC - 230104 Features • x1 Concealed OR Exposed TMV3 thermostatic sequential shower valve - top & bottom outlet • x1 Concealed OR Exposed two way diverter valve • x1 Vandal resistant fixed shower head • x1 Elbow for shower kits only with concealed valves • x1 Shower hose complete (1500mm) • x1 Three function modern shower head • x2 800mm contemporary heavy duty hinged support rail • x3 620mm contemporary straight grab rail with concealed fixing • x1 480mm contemporary straight grab rail with concealed fixing • x1 900mm contemporary straight grab rail with concealed fixing • x1 Slider bracket • x1 1200mm x 1200mm shower curtain track • x2 1800mm x 2000mm weighted shower curtain • x1 Doc M shower seat with legs • x1 Robe hook Anti Ligature Stainless steel grab rail with plate infill Image ‘Anti Ligature Grab Rail’ • Ligature free design • Anti-bacterial coating available • Vandal resistant stainless steel construction • Lifetime warranty • Non-corrosive stainless steel • Max user weight - 171kg Product Code Width 240045 450mm 240060 600mm Available in White, Dark Blue, Stainless Steel Polish, Stainless Steel Satin Removable stainless steel hinged rail • Ligature free wall plate when hinged rail is removed • Lift and lock stainless steel hinged rail • Anti-bacterial coating available • Vandal resistant design • Lifetime warranty • Non-corrosive stainless steel construction Product Code 240380 Available in White, Dark Blue, Stainless Steel Polish, Stainless Steel Satin 10 11

Wall-mounted washbasin tap Garden Collection By Boffi design Piero Lissoni

Read article : Wall-mounted washbasin tap Garden Collection By Boffi design Piero Lissoni

Collection

Name of product/article

GARDEN | Wall-mounted washbasin tap

Type

3 hole wall-mounted stainless steel washbasin tap

Materials

Stainless Steel

Design Year

2015

Garden - Lever tap with easy and immediate water closing and opening, mixed with an antique style typical of old outside taps. The new treatment with PVD coating technology guarantees the product resistance over the time.
TECHNICALFEATURES 
In AISI 304 stainless steel – sandblasted grey PVD coating finish.
Series includes:
top-mounted progressive mixer– wall-mounted progressive mixer for washbasin/shower – top and wall-mounted tap for washbasin - top and wall-mounted 3-hole tap for washbasin – top-mounted washbasin spout (2 heights) – bidet spout –wall-mounted washbasin spout (2 lengths).

Genius Ways to Use Cooking Spray

Read article : Genius Ways to Use Cooking Spray

Prevent rice and pasta from sticking

iStock/TSchon

Most cooks know that a little cooking oil in the boiling water will keep rice or pasta from sticking together when you drain it. If you run out of cooking oil, however, a spritz of cooking oil spray will do the job just as well. (Related: Check out these 25 kitchen shortcuts you'll wish you knew sooner.)

Grating cheese

iStock/GMVozd

Put less elbow grease into grating cheese by using a nonstick cooking spray on your cheese grater for smoother grating. The spray also makes for easier and faster cleanup. (Did you know you could also use a cheese grater to bake perfect pie crusts?)

Prevent tomato sauce stains

iStock/AlexRodavlas

Sick of those hard-to-clean tomato sauce stains on your plastic containers? To prevent them, apply a light coating of nonstick cooking spray on the inside of the container before you pour in the tomato sauce.

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Keep car wheels clean

iStock/welcomia

You know that fine black stuff that collects on the wheels of your car and is so hard to clean off? That’s brake dust—it’s produced every time you apply your brakes and the pads wear against the brake disks or cylinders. The next time you invest the elbow grease to get your wheels shiny, give them a light coating of cooking spray. The brake dust will wipe right off.

De-bug your car

iStock/Willowpix

When those bugs smash into your car at 55 miles per hour, they really stick. A spritz of nonstick cooking spray can help you wipe away the insect debris.

Lubricate your bicycle chain

iStock/pia_ch

Bike chain a bit creaky and you don’t have any lubricating oil handy? Give it a shot of nonstick cooking spray instead. Don’t use too much—the chain shouldn’t look wet. Wipe off the excess with a clean rag.

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Cure door squeak

iStock/visicou

Heard that door squeak just one time too many? Hit the hinge with some nonstick cooking spray. Have paper towels handy to wipe up the drips. Here are other tricks to quiet your home's annoying creaks and squeaks.

Remove paint and grease

iStock/wundervisuals

Forget smelly solvents to remove paint and grease from your hands. Instead, use cooking spray to do the job. Work it in well and rinse. Wash again with soap and water.

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Quick casting

iStock/nebari

Pack a can of cooking spray when you go fishing. Spray it on your fishing line and the line will cast easier and farther.

Prevent grass from sticking

iStock/BrianAJackson

Mowing the lawn should be easy, but cleaning stuck grass from the mower is tedious. Prevent grass from sticking on mower blades and the underside of the housing by spraying them with cooking oil before you begin mowing.

Prevent snow sticks

iStock/MachineHeadz

Shoveling snow is hard enough, but it can be more aggravating when the snow sticks to the shovel. Spray the shovel with nonstick cooking spray before shoveling—the snow slides right off! If you use a snow thrower, spray inside the discharge chute to prevent it from clogging.

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Lubricate your locks

iStock/GCShutter

Tired of jiggling your keys in your locks? If you deal with a tough lock interior or sticky keys, try using a few sprays of cooking oil. The oil will help slide your key in and get you through the door much easier.

Pop your own popcorn

iStock/baibaz

Homemade popcorn can wind up a burnt mess because it’s hard to coat every kernel evenly. In order to have delicious popcorn, coat the kernels with cooking spray. Spray over them, shake them around, and spray again before continuing with the cooking process.

Say bye to soap scum

iStock/Diane Diederich

Spray your shower door with cooking oil and stubborn soap scum will come right off when you wipe it with a towel. Oil breaks down lime deposits so that’s why it removes easily. After a few swipes with a towel, wash the surface with soap and water to maximize the cleanliness. (Related: Here are 7 ways you're probably cleaning your bathroom wrong.)

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Form the perfect patty

iStock/Christian Bridgwater

When making burger patties or dealing with any kind of sticky food while cooking or baking, coat your hands with cooking oil in order to prevent the food from sticking to you and help to easily form its shape.

De-frost your freezer

iStock/Ekaterina Minaeva

No one likes to deal with an ice buildup inside their freezer. The next time you clean it out and it’s free of ice, spray the inside with cooking spray to ensure your next cleanup will be quicker and frost free. (Related: Did you know about all these genius non-food ways to use your freezer?)

Coat measuring cups

iStock/stephanie phillips

The next time a recipe calls for a sticky ingredient such as honey coat your measuring cups with oil so your quantity is exact and will slide right out when pouring it into your mixture.

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Remove gum from your hair

iStock/wundervisuals

Having gum in your hair is a nightmare. Before you start freaking out or think you need scissors to chop it out, try spraying the gum with cooking spray. It should loosen it up enough to the point where it will slide right out.

Prevent plastic wrap from sticking to dessert

iStock/Elena Elisseeva

Ever bake a beautiful dessert but you’re bringing it to a party or saving it for later? To ensure your delicious masterpiece doesn’t get smudged or crumbly, lightly spray the inside of your plastic wrap before packing up your dessert.

What’s standard procedure for bathroom tile regrout?

Read article : What’s standard procedure for bathroom tile regrout?

Q. I hired a contractor to acid wash, regrout and seal my bathroom tile. He did not remove the old grout – merely sponged over a new grout coating. He says this is standard operating procedure, as we did not contract for old grout removal. Is this true, or did I just get ripped off?

A.Unfortunately, there are a number of contractors who regrout tile this way, even though it is not a recommended or reliable solution. People in the industry refer to this practice as “skim coating.” It’s a way of making the area look better without actually fixing it, and the new grout will wear off once the area is used.

While you can leave a small portion of the old grout, you need to remove a majority of it. That way, there’s enough room for the new tile grout to bond to the sides – not the top – of the tile. Even if the grout is worn down in areas, you need someone to remove it before applying new grout.

Luckily, regrouting tile is a practice you shouldn’t have to do often. If you take care of and clean your tile grout regularly, you should only have to replace it every 12 to 15 years. Lesser quality jobs or failure to care for the grout may lead to the need for replacement every eight to 10 years.

To get the maximum amount of time between grout replacement, be sure to care for it properly.

Never use bleach, ammonia or acid-based cleaners on grout. Shower cleaners that indicate you should spray the cleaner on and leave it there also damage grout long-term. Use a neutral pH cleaner if you want to get more life out of your grout.

You should also make sure to remove any excess moisture from the room, as that can damage grout. Squeegee your shower after use, and make sure to use exhaust fans to remove moisture.

When it comes to regrouting tile, know what it should cost. Low-priced estimates may indicate the contractor doesn’t offer old grout removal as part of the job.

Non-sanded grout typically costs between $5 and $6 per square foot for removal and replacement. Sanded grout, which would be used for any joints with a one-eighth inch gap or larger, costs $6 to $8 per square foot. Cost can vary depending on the size of the area, the type of tile used or the difficulty of the job.

Keep in mind that whoever is replacing your grout should also be placing 100 percent silicone caulk in corner joints and around tubs and shower basins. This step is important, because grout has no flexibility. If there’s any movement between a tile and a corner joint, grout will crack.

Staff writer Kaley Belakovich contributed to this report.

Cooke & Lewis Luxuriant Square Shower Enclosure with Hinged Door (W)900mm (D)900mm | Departments

Read article : Cooke & Lewis Luxuriant Square Shower Enclosure with Hinged Door (W)900mm (D)900mm | Departments

Product Information

Bring hotel luxury to your bathroom with this square shower enclosure from Cooke & Lewis' Luxuriant range. The sophisticated hinged door and slim design is great for small bathroom designs, while the sleek silver effect frame and beautiful clear glass provides the perfect finishing touch.

• This shower enclosure has reversible fittings. Fixings supplied
• Shower tray not included - Shower tray and waste available separately
• Can be adjusted to fit 900x900mm square ultra low profile shower trays
• 5 year manufacturer guarantee
• This shower enclosure is also available in a smaller size

Features and Benefits

Cooke & Lewis' Luxuriant and Grandeur range of shower enclosures are their most elegant and stylish yet. Moving away from older styled and bulky enclosures, these have been designed with a frameless look and the hinges constructed to stay flush against the glass making this an elegant and understated option. Ideal for creating a sleek and smooth appearance that will make a stunning feature in your bathroom.

• All our Luxuriant shower enclosures are constructed from 8mm toughened safety glass. 8mm is the thickest glass that Cooke & Lewis have to offer and provides outstanding strength and durability.
• Hinges constructed from chrome plated zinc alloy to provide corrosion resistance and polished finish.
• When installing shower enclosures, whether it be a new feature to your bathroom or a simple replacement, we recommend checking your plumbing and tiling for any cracks or leaks. A professional can help make sure your bathroom is water tight and protect your walls and floors from water damage.
• We've applied a special easy clean coating to the glass so that you can spend more time enjoying your shower and less time cleaning it.

Technical Specifications

Technical specification of Cooke & Lewis Luxuriant Square Shower Enclosure with Hinged Door (W)900mm (D)900mm

Fitting	Reversible
Frame construction material	Aluminium
Glazing type	Toughened safety glass
Glass thickness	8mm
Fitting instructions	Ensure shower enclosure has been securely fitted to the base
Uneven wall adjustment	10mm
Hinge	Chrome plated zinc alloy hinges
Height (mm)	1950mm
Width (mm)	900mm
Depth (mm)	900mm
Standard	EN14428
Model	CRC90X(1/2)(2/2)
Glass finish	Clear

»Complete wall shower mixer« von Replicata - series JULIA

Read article : »Complete wall shower mixer« von Replicata - series JULIA

Cleaning and care

Water contains chalk and other mineral constituents, which may settle on the tapware after the water evaporated. Residues of different articles of daily use like toth paste, toiletries and cosmetics as well as fruit and vegetable acids and wine can also affect the coating. Therefore please rinse the tapware with clear water after every use.

To maintain the high-quality surface of the tapware, we recommend to carefully clean it every day. Please do not use agressive and abrasive cleaning agents. Chlorine and bleach, acids, ammonia and soda corrode the surface and should not get used. Also avoid the use of abrasive cleaning devices, scouring powder and disinfectants.

Water and soap and a soft cloth are best for regular cleaning. Please be careful if you live in an area with very hard water! The alcaline constituents of soap may unite with the chalk in the water to form a so-called lime soap, that may settle as unpleasant dirt rims in the sink and on the tapware and are difficult to clean. In this case please use mild detergents that are suitable for use on tapware, e.g. the care product DECAL (from HORUS). It protects the tapware from mineral residues and can be used as needed.

Please note that damages resulting from improper cleaning and treatment can not be accepted as claims.

The Bathroom as a Health and Beauty Spa

Read article : The Bathroom as a Health and Beauty Spa

Italians are very health conscious. They also attach great importance to their appearance and go to great efforts to improve on what nature has given them.

Italian bathroom. Ph. pixabay CC

In the early post-war period, neither financial nor technical resources were sufficient to allow home improvement to extend to the bathroom areas. The small amounts of "extra" wealth that were available were devoted to the areas of the home that were most in view to the outside world, in particular the living room and the dining room. Also a relatively high proportion of the family income was devoted to clothing as one's personal appearance outside of the home was of utmost importance to establish one's position in society.

Needless to say, the situation is now completely changed. The growth of Italian wealth, the society's pursuit of beauty and art, the availability of advanced technical solutions and infrastructure, and the individuality of Italians is nowhere better illustrated than in the extraordinary lengths to which home decorators go in designing and equipping bathrooms. Bathrooms that were long neglected are now seen as very important parts of the home devoted to the health and well-being of the occupants. And in achieving health and well-being, style is of utmost importance to Italians.

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Modern Bathroom Designs in 2010.

The quest for style covers all aspects of bathroom design, from the wall and floor tiles, to the doors and knobs, to the sanitary appliances and the lighting. The world of ceramic tiles is vast, and information about the use of this material for decorating bathrooms and kitchens will be discussed under a separate section. In the current section, information will be provided only regarding the latest trends in sanitary appliances designed to make Italian bathrooms similar to health and beauty spas.

Until a few years ago, the utmost in bathroom wellbeing was seen to be the installation of double washbasins and Jacuzzi-type bathtubs. Nowadays, homes normally have one bathroom with a tub, but the other bathrooms are generally equipped with showers. As regards tubs, the latest design has been devoted to developing solutions that are "anatomic", while the showers are designed to attain the ultimate in personal hygiene and wellbeing. Thus, for example, the company Titan promotes a full immersion tub designed to ensure maximum comfort.

"Titan, faithful to its promise of fitting out completely the bathroom entirely with the Genesi design project, presents at Cersaie 2002 the evolution of the Genesi line. A project initially started with the creation of a multi-wellbeing whirlpool bathtub designed by Takahide Sano, expands the line with a series of accessories and products devised to follow the philosophy of a refined layout and characterised by exclusive aesthetic harmony. The same care taken over the bath tub has been lavished on the attention to detail, accessories and complements of the line designed by Takahide Sano.

The bath tub is enhanced by a set of taps on the side of the tub complete with mechanical mixer, flow nozzle and extractable shower head with automatic flexible hose rewinding, made in steel and with accessories inspired by Japanese minimalism such as the head rest and the folding seat. These are both made in curved natural beech wood which, with their refined and functional design, allow anyone to take advantage of the benefits afforded by the whirlpool bathtub. The new Genesi shower tray, coordinated with the Ramses R-S5 shower enclosure thanks to its clean cut lines and the high quality finishes highlighted by the lightness of the design, maintains the same coating characteristics as those of the tub.

Bleached oak or natural mahogany are the natural materials for the front inspection panels and for the non-slip centre footboard, while white or "night" satinised methacrylate is used for the shower base. The presence of the new bidet and sink taps equipped with a single-control mechanical mixer and a flow nozzle with jet diffuser and waste pipe control lever, made entirely in steel, are further proof of the will of Titan to complete the Genesi project, creating a bathroom in which all the elements echo the stylistic elegance of the collection. New products for a collection in continual evolution, where the idea of beauty is combined with that of functionality to create a new contemporary bathroom concept dedicated to well being. Titan continues along its course eliciting increasingly new sensations, for high quality products, studied right down to the smallest details that guarantee multi- wellbeing in one's own home.

They also sell a shower box that can be operated as a Turkish bath.

Moreover, the company guarantees that bathroom design can be personalized with for example stones, marble, mosaic or wood to create a unique atmosphere. The company Cesana promotes its shower boxes as possibly the best, while PDP has created walk in showers with right-hand and left-hand entrances of the series Elite.

"A wellspring continuously gushing forth new ideas. For thirty years, Cesana has always dedicated itself to finding new, up to date solutions for a bathroom area that has become increasingly important. This dedication to research and development has generated over 10,000 variations on the 'shower enclosure' theme so far. This has made the ltalian Company an established point of reference in the sector both in ltaly and abroad, especially in Europe. Because, beyond its capacity for innovation, Cesana's reliability stems from its unswerving attention to quality and workmanship, combining advanced technology and traditional craftsmanship. First-class materials The glass used for Cesana's shower enclosures is tempered using the most advanced equipment.

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Contemporary bathroom design.

Ultra-resistant to shocks and pressure, it satisfies both Uni and international norms, providing the security that is indispensable in the bathroom area. The aluminum used for the support frames is also of the best quality, carefully finished in epoxy powders, corrosion tested for 3,000 hours in saline mist. Design elegance Cesana's heart and soul is, without a doubt, its Research & Development Division, based on Cesana values: elegance of shape, practical functioning and innovation. Talking about innovation, the revolutionary System Logic, protected by international patents, is a Cesana product.

System Logic sets conventional expectations on end, with the water jetting upwards from the pavement and the shower system column containing the temperature and intensity controls located outside the enclosure. An oasis of well-being and functionality Welcoming both because of its attractive design and its practical, comfortable organization: Cesana's shower enclosures are in complete agreement with today's tendency to view this area as an oasis of intimate well-being, a private island where one can recover one's equilibrium."

Personalized solutions are the hallmark even of the large popular manufacturer of sanitary appliances such as Ideal Standard (see image below ) (www.idealstandard.it).

Aqualia

Suffice it to say that the company's sales line is "A thousand bathrooms, and in addition yours", and here too attention is given to design and practicality as in the case of the Cantica line where the appliances are free of floor stands that only collect dust and are difficult to keep clean. Innovative design is also characteristic of the line of ceramic sanitary appliances called "Qube e Rond" of the company Axa (www.axaonline.it).

In recognition of the increasing age of the Italian population (the country has one of the lowest birth rates in the world), attention is being given to the health needs and wellbeing of the older generations also in the design of bathroom equipment. Thus, for example, the company Busco (www.busco.it) has created the Auxilia easy access tub, for therapeutic showers, hydro-massage and hydrotherapy of the possibly less agile generations.

An important feature of Italian decoration of bathrooms is the use of ceramic floor and wall tiling. Resistant to years of use, easy to care for and to clean, available in a wide range of colors and designs, ceramic tile is the preferred decorating material used for bathrooms in Italy. Marble is also used, but the costs are somewhat higher. There are enormous numbers of producers of ceramic tiles for bathrooms. These extend from the designer tiles by such well-known names as Laura Biagiotti, Valentino, and Versace to little known small manufacturers providing quality materials. The tiles are available in all possible colors and sizes. It is even possible to decorate a bathroom with tiles that look like mosaics.

Cooke & Lewis Luxuriant Rectangular LH Shower Enclosure, Tray & Waste Pack with Walk-In Entry (W)1400mm (D)880mm | Departments

Read article : Cooke & Lewis Luxuriant Rectangular LH Shower Enclosure, Tray & Waste Pack with Walk-In Entry (W)1400mm (D)880mm | Departments

Product Information

Bring hotel luxury to your bathroom with this rectangular shower enclosure, tray & waste pack from Cooke & Lewis' Luxuriant range. The elegant walk-in entry and generous size will create a tranquil and spa like setting in your bathroom, while the sleek silver effect frame and beautiful clear glass provides the perfect finishing touch.

• This shower enclosure, tray & waste pack has left hand fittings. Fixings supplied
• Comes with a low profile walk-in tray and 90mm hi-flow waste
• 5 year guarantee - 1 year shower tray guarantee
• A right hand version of this shower enclosure is also available

Features and Benefits

Cooke & Lewis' Luxuriant and Grandeur range of shower enclosures are their most elegant and stylish yet. Moving away from older styled and bulky enclosures, these have been designed with a frameless look and the hinges constructed to stay flush against the glass. Creating a sleek and smooth appearance that will make a stunning feature in your bathroom.

• All our Luxuriant shower enclosures are constructed from 8mm toughened safety glass. 8mm is the thickest glass that Cooke & Lewis have to offer and provides outstanding strength and durability.
• We've applied a special easy clean coating to the glass so that you can spend more time enjoying your shower and less time cleaning it.
• When installing shower enclosures, whether it be a new feature to your bathroom or a simple replacement, we recommend checking your plumbing and tiling for any cracks or leaks. A professional can help make sure your bathroom is water tight and protect your walls and floors from water damage.
• Everything you need to complete your bathroom is available at B&Q. From our range of contemporary toilets, to our classic style basin taps. You can even use our Which? Trusted Traders endorsed Homefit installations team, helping you with your ideal bathroom to the last tile.

Technical Specifications

Technical specification of Cooke & Lewis Luxuriant Rectangular LH Shower Enclosure, Tray & Waste Pack with Walk-In Entry (W)1400mm (D)880mm

Fitting	Left hand
Frame construction material	Aluminium
Material	ABS acrylic capped resin composite shower tray
Glazing type	Toughened safety glass
Glass thickness	8mm
Fitting instructions	Ensure shower enclosure has been securely fitted to the base
Uneven wall adjustment	10mm
Tray colour	White
Tray height	45mm
Height (mm)	1950mm
Height including tray	1995mm
Width (mm)	1400mm
Depth (mm)	880mm
Standard	EN14428
Glass finish	Clear

»bath and shower mixer« von Replicata - series COVENTRY

Read article : »bath and shower mixer« von Replicata - series COVENTRY

Cleaning and care

Water contains chalk and other mineral constituents, which may settle on the tapware after the water evaporated. Residues of different articles of daily use like toth paste, toiletries and cosmetics as well as fruit and vegetable acids and wine can also affect the coating. Therefore please rinse the tapware with clear water after every use.

To maintain the high-quality surface of the tapware, we recommend to carefully clean it every day. Please do not use agressive and abrasive cleaning agents. Chlorine and bleach, acids, ammonia and soda corrode the surface and should not get used. Also avoid the use of abrasive cleaning devices, scouring powder and disinfectants.

Water and soap and a soft cloth are best for regular cleaning. Please be careful if you live in an area with very hard water! The alcaline constituents of soap may unite with the chalk in the water to form a so-called lime soap, that may settle as unpleasant dirt rims in the sink and on the tapware and are difficult to clean. In this case please use mild detergents that are suitable for use on tapware, e.g. the care product DECAL (from HORUS). It protects the tapware from mineral residues and can be used as needed.

Please note that damages resulting from improper cleaning and treatment can not be accepted as claims.

Wall Mounted Bath Mixer with Rain Shower Head

Read article : Wall Mounted Bath Mixer with Rain Shower Head

- Model: F1411003101 Wall Mounted Rain Shower and Bath Spout Combination

- Brilliant 3-In-1 Shower Set Comes with Overhead Rain Shower, Bath Spout and Shower Mixer

- Solid Brass Construction, Polished Chrome Finished

- Ceramic Cartridge

- ABS Engineering Plastic Rain Shower Head

- Suitable for All Pressure

- Shower Head Size: 210mm Diametre, Wall Mounted Arm Length: 368mm (Please see pictures on the right for details)

- 360° Swivel Ball Joint, Adjustable Angle

- Complete with one Round Overhead Shower, one Single Lever Mixer, one Bath Spout, one Round Backplate and one Wall Mounted Arm

- 5 Years Warranty

- Constant Bright Technology
Skillful polishing process, bright lasting treatment for brilliant chrome surface to ensure products are long-lasting looks as new.

- Smooth Technology
The unique valve core is made by advanced ceramic alloy in the closed environment, and coated with a special lubricant coating. This feature can ensure products are smooth for use as the new one for many years.

- Constant Hydrodynamic Technology
Equipped with constant hydrodynamic device to have good water stream effects, showing the environmental science and technology.

If you request a refund or return, please contact us within 15 days since the date you receive the products.

Five-year warranty only applies to any problem of cartridge. Please click here to ask a question

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